# Driver Devicetree Entries

Let's take a look at an example entry from
``src/mainboard/google/hatch/variants/hatch/overridetree.cb``:

```
device pci 15.0 on
	chip drivers/i2c/generic
		register "hid" = ""ELAN0000""
		register "desc" = ""ELAN Touchpad""
		register "irq" = "ACPI_IRQ_LEVEL_LOW(GPP_A21_IRQ)"
		register "detect" = "1"
		register "wake" = "GPE0_DW0_21"
		device i2c 15 on end
	end
end # I2C #0
```

When this entry is processed during ramstage, it will create a device in the
ACPI SSDT table (all devices in devicetrees end up in the SSDT table).  The ACPI
generation routines in coreboot actually generate the raw bytecode that
represents the device's structure, but looking at ASL code is easier to
understand; see below for what the disassembled bytecode looks like:

```
Scope (\_SB.PCI0.I2C0)
{
    Device (D015)
    {
        Name (_HID, "ELAN0000")  // _HID: Hardware ID
        Name (_UID, Zero)  // _UID: Unique ID
        Name (_DDN, "ELAN Touchpad")  // _DDN: DOS Device Name
        Method (_STA, 0, NotSerialized)  // _STA: Status
        {
            Return (0x0F)
        }
        Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate ()  // _CRS: Current Resource Settings
        {
            I2cSerialBusV2 (0x0015, ControllerInitiated, 400000,
                AddressingMode7Bit, "\\_SB.PCI0.I2C0",
                0x00, ResourceConsumer, , Exclusive, )
            Interrupt (ResourceConsumer, Level, ActiveLow, Exclusive, ,, )
            {
                0x0000002D,
            }
        })
        Name (_S0W, ACPI_DEVICE_SLEEP_D3_HOT)  // _S0W: S0 Device Wake State
        Name (_PRW, Package (0x02)  // _PRW: Power Resources for Wake
        {
            0x15, // GPE #21
            0x03  // Sleep state S3
        })
    }
}
```

You can see it generates \_HID, \_UID, \_DDN, \_STA, \_CRS, \_S0W, and \_PRW
names/methods in the Device's scope.

## Utilizing a device driver

The device driver must be enabled for your build.  There will be a CONFIG option
in the Kconfig file in the directory that the driver is in (e.g.,
``src/drivers/i2c/generic`` contains a Kconfig file; the option here is named
CONFIG_DRIVERS_I2C_GENERIC).  The config option will need to be added to your
mainboard's Kconfig file (e.g., ``src/mainboard/google/hatch/Kconfig``) in order
to be compiled into your build.

## Diving into the above example:

Let's take a look at how the devicetree language corresponds to the generated
ASL.

First, note this:

```
    chip drivers/i2c/generic
```

This means that the device driver we're using has a corresponding structure,
located at ``src/drivers/i2c/generic/chip.h``, named **struct
drivers_i2c_generic_config** and it contains many properties you can specify to
be included in the ACPI table.

### hid

```
    register "hid" = ""ELAN0000""
```

This corresponds to **const char \*hid** in the struct.  In the ACPI ASL, it
translates to:

```
    Name (_HID, "ELAN0000") // _HID: Hardware ID
```

under the device.  **This property is used to match the device to its driver
during enumeration in the OS.**

### desc

```
    register "desc" = ""ELAN Touchpad""
```

corresponds to **const char \*desc** and in ASL:

```
    Name (_DDN, "ELAN Touchpad") // _DDN: DOS Device Name
```

### irq

It also adds the interrupt,

```
    Interrupt (ResourceConsumer, Level, ActiveLow, Exclusive, ,, )
    {
        0x0000002D,
    }
```

which comes from:

```
    register "irq" = "ACPI_IRQ_LEVEL_LOW(GPP_A21_IRQ)"
```

The IRQ settings control the "Trigger" and "Polarity" settings seen above (level
means it is a level-triggered interrupt as opposed to
edge-triggered; active low means the interrupt is triggered when the signal is
low).

Also note that the IRQ names are SoC-specific, and you will need to
find the names in your SoC's header file.  The ACPI_* macros are defined in
``src/arch/x86/include/acpi/acpi_device.h``.

Using a GPIO as an IRQ requires that it is configured in coreboot correctly.
This is often done in a mainboard-specific file named ``gpio.c``.

AMD platforms don't have the ability to route GPIOs to the IO-APIC. Instead the
GPIO controller needs to be used directly. You can do this by setting the
`irq_gpio` register and using the `ACPI_GPIO_IRQ_X_X` macros.

i.e.,
```
register "irq_gpio" = "ACPI_GPIO_IRQ_EDGE_LOW(GPIO_40)"
```

### detect

The next register is:

```
    register "detect" = "1"
```

This flag tells the I2C driver that it should attempt to detect the presence of
the device (using an I2C zero-byte write), and only generate a SSDT entry if the
device is actually present. This alleviates the OS from having to determine if
a device is present or not (ChromeOS/Linux) and prevents resource conflict/
driver issues (Windows).

Currently, the detect feature works and is hooked up for all I2C touchpads,
and should be used any time a board has multiple touchpad options.
I2C audio devices should also work without issue.

Touchscreens can use this feature as well, but special care is needed to
implement the proper power sequencing for the device to be detected. Generally,
this means driving the enable GPIO high and holding the reset GPIO low in early
GPIO init (bootblock/romstage), then releasing reset in ramstage. The first
mainboards in the tree to implement this are google/skyrim and google/guybrush.
This feature has also been used in downstream forks without issue for some time
now on several other boards.

### wake

The last register is:

```
    register "wake" = "GPE0_DW0_21"
```

which indicates that the method of waking the system using the touchpad will be
through a GPE, #21 associated with DW0, which is set up in devicetree.cb from
this example.  The "21" indicates GPP_X21, where GPP_X is mapped onto DW0
elsewhere in the devicetree.

### device

The last bit of the definition of that device includes:

```
    device i2c 15 on end
```

which means it's an I2C device, with 7-bit address 0x15, and the device is "on",
meaning it will be exposed in the ACPI table.  The PCI device that the
controller is located in determines which I2C bus the device is expected to be
found on.  In this example, this is I2C bus 0.  This also determines the ACPI
"Scope" that the device names and methods will live under, in this case
"\_SB.PCI0.I2C0".

## Wake sources

The ACPI spec defines two methods to describe how a device can wake the system.
Only one of these methods should be used, otherwise duplicate wake events will
be generated.

### Using GPEs as a wake source

The `wake` property specified above is used to tell the ACPI subsystem that the
device can use a GPE to wake the system. The OS can control whether to enable
or disable the wake source by unmasking/masking off the GPE.

The `GPIO` -> `GPE` mapping must be configured in firmware. On AMD platforms this is
generally done by a mainboard specific `gpio.c` file that defines the GPIO
using `PAD_SCI`. The `GPIO` -> `GPE` mapping is returned by the
`soc_get_gpio_event_table` method that is defined in the SoC specific `gpio.c`
file. On Intel platforms, you fill in the `pmc_gpe0_dw0`, `pmc_gpe0_dw1`, and
`pmc_gpe0_dw2` fields in the devicetree to map 3 GPIO communities to `tier-1`
GPEs (the rest are available as `tier-2` GPEs).

Windows has a large caveat when using this method. If you use the `gpio_irq`
property to define a `GpioInt` in the `_CRS`, and then use the `wake` property
to define a `GPE`, Windows will
[BSOD](https://github.com/MicrosoftDocs/windows-driver-docs/blob/staging/windows-driver-docs-pr/debugger/bug-check-0xa5--acpi-bios-error.md)
complaining about an invalid ACPI configuration.
> 0x1000D - A device used both GPE and GPIO interrupts, which is not supported.

In order to avoid this error, you should use the `irq` property instead. AMD
platforms don't support routing GPIOs to the IO-APIC, so this workaround isn't
feasible. The other option is to use a wake capable GPIO as described below.

### Using GPIO interrupts as a wake source

The `ACPI_IRQ_WAKE_{EDGE,LEVEL}_{LOW,HIGH}` macros can be used when setting the
`irq` or `gpio_irq` properties. This ends up setting `ExclusiveAndWake` or
`SharedAndWake` on the `Interrupt` or `GpioInt` ACPI resource.

This method has a few caveats:
* On Intel and AMD platforms the IO-APIC can't wake the system. This means using
  the `ACPI_IRQ_WAKE_*` macros with the `irq` property won't actually wake the
  system. Instead you need to use the `gpio_irq` property, or a `GPE` as
  described above.
* The OS needs to know how to enable the `wake` bit on the GPIO. For linux this
  means the platform specific GPIO controller driver must implement the
  `irq_set_wake` callback. For AMD systems this wasn't
  [implemented](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/d62bd5ce12d79bcd6a6c3e4381daa7375dc21158)
  until linux v5.15. If the controller doesn't define this callback, it's
  possible for the firmware to manually set the `wake` bit on the GPIO. This is
  often done in a mainboard-specific file named `gpio.c`. This is not
  recommended because then it's not possible for the OS to disable the wake
  source.
* As of
  [linux v6.0-rc5](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/releases/tag/v6.0-rc5),
  the ACPI subsystem doesn't take the interrupt `wake` bit into account when
  deciding on which power state to put the device in before suspending the
  system. This means that if you define a power resource for a device via
  `has_power_resource`, `enable_gpio`, etc, then the linux kernel will place the
  device into D3Cold. i.e., power off the device.

## Other auto-generated names

(see [ACPI specification
6.3](https://uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/ACPI_6_3_final_Jan30.pdf)
for more details on ACPI methods)

### _S0W (S0 Device Wake State)
\_S0W indicates the deepest S0 sleep state this device can wake itself from,
which in this case is `ACPI_DEVICE_SLEEP_D3_HOT`, representing _D3hot_.
D3Hot means the `PR3` power resources are still on and the device is still
responsive on the bus. For i2c devices this is generally the same state as `D0`.

### \_PRW (Power Resources for Wake)
\_PRW indicates the power resources and events required for wake.  There are no
dependent power resources, but the GPE (GPE0_DW0_21) is mentioned here (0x15),
as well as the deepest sleep state supporting waking the system (3), which is
S3.

### \_STA (Status)
The \_STA method is generated automatically, and its values, 0xF, indicates the
following:

    Bit [0] – Set if the device is present.
    Bit [1] – Set if the device is enabled and decoding its resources.
    Bit [2] – Set if the device should be shown in the UI.
    Bit [3] – Set if the device is functioning properly (cleared if device failed its diagnostics).

### \_CRS (Current resource settings)
The \_CRS method is generated automatically, as the driver knows it is an I2C
controller, and so specifies how to configure the controller for proper
operation with the touchpad.

```
Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate ()  // _CRS: Current Resource Settings
{
    I2cSerialBusV2 (0x0015, ControllerInitiated, 400000,
                    AddressingMode7Bit, "\\_SB.PCI0.I2C0",
                    0x00, ResourceConsumer, , Exclusive, )
```

## Notes

 - **All device driver entries in devicetrees end up in the SSDT table, and are
   generated in coreboot's ramstage**
   (The lone exception to this rule is i2c touchpads with the 'detect' flag set;
    in this case, devices not present will not be added to the SSDT)